Abstract The present study aimed to establish the associations between hopelessness, depression and impulsivity with respect to suicidal ideation and behavior, and to explore the role that impulsivity plays in the mechanism that operates between depression and hopelessness. Through an empirical observational study, with an analytical scope based on a cross-sectional design for a sample of 228 university students and using The Inventory of Suicide Orientation (ISO-30); Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS); and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). The results indicated a significant positives correlations between BDI, BHS, BIS and ISO-30. Regression analysis showed that depression, impulsivity and hopelessness explain between 57% and 67% of the variance in the risk of suicidal ideation and behavior. Through the analysis of structural equation modeling, three models were established showing that impulsivity mediates the relationship between depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation and behavior. This study has implications for mental health intervention and research, in that it emphasizes the importance of impulsivity traits as factors that act as triggers in the association between the presence of depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar las diferencias de género en habilidades de teoría de la mente y empatía en una muestra de adolescentes con trastorno de conducta (n=46; 28 hombres y 18 mujeres). Se determinó un abordaje observacional con un diseño de corte transversal mediante el cual se evaluó la empatía (dimensiones cognitiva y afectiva) y teoría de la mente (lectura de la mirada). El análisis estadístico incluyó la descripción de las variables de acuerdo con su naturaleza, la evaluación de correlaciones cuantitativas, y el diseño de un modelo logístico multivariado para identificar las variables que diferencian los pacientes según su género. Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas por género tanto en empatía como en teoría de la mente. Las mujeres presentaron de manera consistente diferencias en los niveles de empatía cognitiva/afectiva y test de la mirada, con un menor número de síntomas de conducta. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de la evidencia empírica actual y se sugieren algunas direcciones futuras en el estudio del trastorno de conducta.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to explore gender differences regarding theory of mind and empathy abilities in a sample of adolescents with conduct disorder (n=46; males=28 and females=18). Empathy (cognitive and emotional dimensions) and theory of mind (reading the mind through the eyes) were tested based on an observational method with a crosssectional design. Statistical analysis included: description of variables according to their type, assessment of quantitative correlations and logistic multivariate modelling for identifying variables that differentiate female from male patients. The results demonstrated significant gender differences in empathy and theory of mind evaluations. Particularly, women showed different scores for cognitive/emotional empathy and in the Reading the Mind through the Eyes test, with a lower number of behavioural symptoms. The results are discussed in light of the current empirical evidence, and some future directions in the study of conduct disorder are suggested.

The microbiological transformation of ent-beyer-15-en-18-ol 1 and ent-beyer-15-en-19-ol 2, using Mucorplumbeus, resulted in hydroxylated products. After nine days of incubation, 15β,16β-epoxide-ent-beyeran-7β,18-diol 3, ent-beyer-15-en-7p,19-diol 4 and 15β,16β-epoxide-ent-beyeran-7β,19-diol 5 were isolated. The metabolites were identified by spectroscopic methods.

In addition to the known diterpenes, desoxyarticulin and dihydrotucumanoic acid, a new neoclerodane diterpene was isolated from Baccharis marginalis. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic evidence.

Ergosterol 1, peroxyergosterol 2, ergosta-4,6,8(14), 22-tetraen-3-one 3 and 24-ethyl-cholesta-4-ene-3-one 4 were isolated from the cultures of a fungus Geotrichum sp. obtained from a marine sediment. It was established that no other sterols were present in the extract. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods

OBJECTIVE: To establish how suicide's typologies are related with a group of variables described as risk factors and to describe the stability of these typologies during a period of 15 years. METHODS: Observational-analytic study based on autopsy registers of suicides in Bogotá in 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000. In order to determine typologies, the method of multivarioate analysis of multiple correspondences was employed. RESULTS: 171 cases of suicide were detected in 1985, 222 cases in 1990, 273 in 1995 and 329 in 2000. Physical or mental co-morbidity, the use of psychoactive substances, access to lethal methods of injury, and the rare use of fire weapons by women, were constant factors during the years studied. At the same time, changes in some typologies were related to the presence of addictions in women and to HIV / AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: Although relatively constant suicide typologies exist during the 15-year period studied, changes in the epidemiological profiles and new life styles generate modifications of these typologies. This suggests that suicide risk factors are a dynamic element that is modified as time passes.

OBJETIVOS: Establecer tipologías de los suicidas en relación con un grupo de variables descritas como factores de riesgo y describir el comportamiento de dichas tipologías a lo largo del tiempo. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional-analítico con base en registros de necropsia de los casos de suicidio en Bogotá en 1985, 1990, 1995 y 2000. Para determinar las tipologías se utilizó el método de análisis multivariado de correspondencias múltiples. RESULTADOS: Se detectaron 171 casos de suicidio en 1985, 222 casos en 1990, 273 en 1995 y 329 en el año 2000. Se evidenció que factores como la comorbilidad física o mental, el uso de sustancias psicoactivas, el acceso a métodos letales, y el poco uso de armas de fuego por parte de las mujeres, son factores constantes en los años estudiados. A su vez, se presentaron cambios en algunas tipologías que se relacionaron con la presencia de adicciones en mujeres y el VIH-SIDA. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque existen tipologías de suicidas relativamente constantes a lo largo del período de 15 años, la aparición de cambios en los perfiles epidemiológicos y en los estilos de vida generan modificaciones de tales tipologías. Esto sugiere que los factores de riesgo de suicidio son un elemento dinámico, que se modifica con el tiempo.

OBJETIVOS: Establecer tipologías de los suicidas en relación con un grupo de variables descritas como factores de riesgo y describir el comportamiento de dichas tipologías a lo largo del tiempo. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional-analítico con base en registros de necropsia de los casos de suicidio en Bogotá en 1985, 1990, 1995 y 2000. Para determinar las tipologías se utilizó el método de análisis multivariado de correspondencias múltiples. RESULTADOS: Se detectaron 171 casos de suicidio en 1985, 222 casos en 1990, 273 en 1995 y 329 en el año 2000. Se evidenció que factores como la comorbilidad física o mental, el uso de sustancias psicoactivas, el acceso a métodos letales, y el poco uso de armas de fuego por parte de las mujeres, son factores constantes en los años estudiados. A su vez, se presentaron cambios en algunas tipologías que se relacionaron con la presencia de adicciones en mujeres y el VIH-SIDA. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque existen tipologías de suicidas relativamente constantes a lo largo del período de 15 años, la aparición de cambios en los perfiles epidemiológicos y en los estilos de vida generan modificaciones de tales tipologías. Esto sugiere que los factores de riesgo de suicidio son un elemento dinámico, que se modifica con el tiempo.

OBJECTIVE: To establish how suicide's typologies are related with a group of variables described as risk factors and to describe the stability of these typologies during a period of 15 years. METHODS: Observational-analytic study based on autopsy registers of suicides in Bogotá in 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000. In order to determine typologies, the method of multivarioate analysis of multiple correspondences was employed. RESULTS: 171 cases of suicide were detected in 1985, 222 cases in 1990, 273 in 1995 and 329 in 2000. Physical or mental co-morbidity, the use of psychoactive substances, access to lethal methods of injury, and the rare use of fire weapons by women, were constant factors during the years studied. At the same time, changes in some typologies were related to the presence of addictions in women and to HIV / AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: Although relatively constant suicide typologies exist during the 15-year period studied, changes in the epidemiological profiles and new life styles generate modifications of these typologies. This suggests that suicide risk factors are a dynamic element that is modified as time passes.